Germany is at a crossroads. Friedrich Merz, the likely next chancellor, comes at a time of inflection point for national security with legislation that enables greater borrowing for defense. While this fiscal boost is necessary, transforming the Bundeswehr into a force that can fight requires more than funding—it requires a shift in culture.
Financial commitment vs. public reluctance
Merz has an opportunity to modernize the Bundeswehr today. The new law permits borrowing of up to €500 billion for infrastructure and exempts defense spending from strict debt rules, following a €100 billion military fund that was approved in 2022. It is a sign of Germany embracing that American security guarantees are no longer reliable.
However, public scepticism remains a problem. In a recent poll, 60% of the Germans responded that they would not fight for their nation, with 73% of women. Both tertiary education and left-of-centre political ideology also show inverse relationships with willingness to serve.
The Recruitment Crisis of Bundeswehr
Germany’s military is 20,000 troops under strength, struggling to reach its target of 203,000 men. The age of troops has risen since 2019 as fewer young people enlist. Voluntary military service attracts only 11,434 recruits despite extensive advertising and recruiting efforts.
Some advocate reinstating conscription, but resistance persists. Before its suspension in 2011, many young men actively evaded service. While public support for conscription has grown, young people—those who would serve—remain largely opposed.
Military culture and historical baggage
Germany remains wary of militarism due to its World War II history. Unlike other Western nations, it struggles to embrace military traditions. This became evident in 2021 when a Bundeswehr ceremony to honor Afghanistan veterans caused an outcry, with critics likening it to past militaristic ceremonies.
Beyond politics and money
Germany’s turnaround in defense is not so much one of budgets but of national psyche. While 81% of young Germans fear war in Europe, fear and willingness to serve are not necessarily the same. Bundeswehr studies show recruits value comradeship over patriotism or pay.
To create a credible defense force, Germany must redefine military service as a commitment to democracy, not some relic of the past. It is just a start to raise funds; a bigger task lies ahead in forging a society willing to defend itself.
